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When distinguishing between survey participants by age, the older respondents in particular reported having changed their method of administration In the youngest age group, the corresponding percentage is ten percentage points lower. The lowest effect can be seen in those aged 30—39 years, with The survey results demonstrate that the patterns of heroin users can be influenced by a mixture of new, high-quality prevention tools foils pre-cut, uncoated, thicker and thus more resistant to tearing and a target-group-specific approach.

It became clear that it requires professionalism to address safer use issues during the daily routine of a drug consumption room and other drug services at the right time or at all. Some users received information about the new foils while they were waiting to enter the consumption room. A new medium enables workers to address use patterns and risks infection, overdose in an entirely new way.

As a result, the new foil - as a new medium for arousing interest - provides new ways of approaching the users. Ultimately, new drug use equipment not only makes it possible to renew prevention messages or convey them for the first time, but also provides the opportunity to approach users who have so far not been reached as well as those with whom contact was lost.

It is therefore recommended that facilities which have so far exclusively offered syringe-exchange services expand their range of services to include informational literature as flyers, postcards, posters and smoking foils. If possible, smoking foils and drug use equipment for intravenous administration should be provided free of charge. Special theme weeks or months had already made it possible in the past to call the attention of drug users to certain information and subjects.

How-to-smoke training courses, collective pipe and tube building even if many users have previous experience with inhalative use, collective tube building courses or safer smoking training courses could help arouse their interest. In view of the fact that many drug users avoid transporting drug use equipment, particularly drug consumption rooms and other low threshold services for drug users, are encouraged to support the users by offering them personalised storage space for drug use equipment.

In Germany, in about , boxes with different intravenous drug use kits are sold via vending machines [ 7 ]. In order to initiate a discussion about the harm-reducing effects of inhalative use, facilities could develop their own individual special programmes, such as a breakfast involving a discussion about the advantages and disadvantages of inhalative use.

Based on experience from on-site work, it becomes apparent that such measures can only be successful if they are very practical and their utilisation does not involve much effort for the users. Additionally, such programmes always require the commitment and motivation of the workers. Future studies that can best add to our current understanding need to take more deeply into account cross-sectional dimensions like gender, age and ethnic and socio-economic background of the users.

It should be discussed whether a long-term sustainable change of consumption patterns can be achieved and how these patterns can be stabilised over time and what kind of additional education is needed?

On the other hand, Smoke-It! Major research funders might appropriately encourage such work in this field, if issues of cost-effectiveness are more deeply focused. However, the costs compared to injecting are as follows in Germany:. So the total costs are 0. Contrary to household foils, they are thicker and easier to smoothen again.

Safer injection drug use: the costs of a complete safer use equipment with one syringe, one needle, one water ampoule, one stericup spoon for single use , one sterifilt filter for single use , one bag of vitamin C are about 50 Eurocents. These costs are at least five times more expensive as the equipment for inhalative use.

It should be noted that only a single use is recommended. Google Scholar. Drogenbeauftragte der Bundesregierung: Drogen- und Suchtbericht. Med Wsch. Article Google Scholar. Kools JP: From fix to foil : the Dutch experience in promoting transition away from injecting drug use, — Harm Reduct J. National Needle Exchange Forum. Dokumentationszeitraum Download references. We are also grateful to the drug users who participated and the staff in the six drug consumption rooms.

Institute for Addiction Research, Frankfurt, , Germany. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. The survey and the evaluation was funded by Deutsche Aids-Hilfe e. DS conceived the survey. HS had full responsibility for its operational management and data collection. DS and HS collaborated equally with drafting the paper. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript.

This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. Reprints and Permissions. Promoting a change of opiate consumption pattern - from injecting to inhaling. Harm Reduct J 11, 18 Download citation. Received : 06 March Accepted : 09 June Published : 27 June Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:.

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Skip to main content. Search all BMC articles Search. Download PDF. Abstract Background Intravenous drug use has been predominantly practised since illegal heroin use became known in Germany in the early s. Conclusions Targeted media and personal intervention in association with the dispensation of attractive drug use equipment can motivate opiate users to change their method of drug use.

Background Intravenous drug use has been predominantly practised since illegal heroin use became known in Germany in the early s [ 1 — 3 ]. Moreover, the risk of HIV and Hepatitis B or C infection is considerably reduced when smoking heroin Despite these harm-reducing effects of inhalative use, there is only very limited scientific survey on this subject.

Method The data was collected using a written questionnaire, which had been designed in cooperation with the staff of the participating drug consumption rooms. When taken in large doses, these drugs can have serious side effects and can even be fatal. There are a few different steps you can take if you want to speed up how quickly OxyContin is eliminated from your body.

The most important is to stop taking the drug, but you should always talk to your doctor before taking this step. OxyContin can lead to physical dependence, so suddenly stopping your medication can result in withdrawal symptoms. Your doctor may slowly taper you off your medication in order to minimize these symptoms. Once you have safely stopped taking OxyContin, you may be able to slightly increase the drug's metabolism and elimination by making sure that you stay well-hydrated, following a healthy diet, and getting regular physical activity.

OxyContin works by altering the way the brain and nervous system respond to pain. But it also has significant effects on depressing breathing and the cough reflex. An overdose can result in death. To avoid a potentially fatal overdose, you must always take the pill whole and never cut, crush, chew, or inject OxyContin as it's specifically formulated for extended not immediate release into the body. You should also stick to your prescribed dosing schedule to avoid taking too much.

Never take two pills together because you missed a dose and never take more than one pill in 12 hours. The following are some of the symptoms of an OxyContin overdose:. If you suspect someone has taken too much OxyContin and is showing symptoms of overdose, call immediately. If unresponsive, first responders may be able to revive the victim with Narcan naloxone , but only if they are notified soon enough.

It's helpful if you can tell them the time the drug was taken, how much, the prescription formulation, and the person's age and weight. Even when using OxyContin as prescribed, it can cause serious or life-threatening breathing problems, especially during the first three days that it is used.

Drinking alcohol or taking medications that contain alcohol with OxyContin can cause overdose and death. Taking OxyContin with other medications can also cause life-threatening breathing problems. If a health care provider tries to administer or prescribe OxyContin to you, let them know if you are taking any of the following:. Like other opiates, OxyContin is known to have a high potential for dependence and misuse—even when taking as prescribed.

Talk to your doctor if you want to reduce your dose or stop taking OxyContin. Abruptly stopping your medication can result in serious symptoms of withdrawal , including:. Your doctor can help you discontinue your medication safely and avoid withdrawal symptoms. This may involve gradually lowering your dose or using medications such as buprenorphine or methadone to manage the symptoms. If you need additional help, your doctor may recommend inpatient or outpatient treatment.

Such treatments may involve the use of medications to support your recovery as well as psychological approaches including cognitive-behavioral therapy CBT , contingency management CM , and motivational enhancement therapy MET. For more mental health resources, see our National Helpline Database. Learn the best ways to manage stress and negativity in your life.

Forensic Sci Rev. Oxycontin Prescribing Information. Alternative specimens for workplace drug testing. J Anal Toxicol. Pharmacokinetics of intranasal crushed OxyContin and intravenous oxycodone in nondependent prescription opioid abusers.

J Clin Pharmacol. Abuse potential, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of intranasally administered crushed oxycodone HCl abuse-deterrent controlled-release tablets in recreational opioid users.

Prescribing of opioid analgesics and related mortality before and after the introduction of long-acting oxycodone. Changing patterns in opioid addiction: Characterizing users of oxycodone and other opioids.

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